[[OIcel declension]]
# OIcel a-stems

OIcel inherits [[PGmc a-stems]] (masc. and neut.) with the following paradigm

| case | masc.sg.                    | masc.pl.                     | neut.sg.                     | neut.pl                       |
| ---- | --------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| nom  | <em class="ling">arm-r</em> | <em class="ling">arm-ar</em> | <em class="ling">barn-∅</em> | <em class="ling">bǫrn-°</em>  |
| gen  | <em class="ling">arm-s</em> | <em class="ling">arm-a</em>  | <em class="ling">barn-s</em> | <em class="ling">barn-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">arm-i</em> | <em class="ling">ǫrm-um</em> | <em class="ling">barn-i</em> | <em class="ling">bǫrn-um</em> |
| acc  | <em class="ling">arm-∅</em> | <em class="ling">arm-a</em>  | <em class="ling">barn-∅</em> | <em class="ling">bǫrn-°</em>  |

Forms undergo syncope when they would otherwise gain an extra syllable.
Note morphological umlaut in the neut.pl nom and acc.

## Subclasses

### Masculine

Stems that originally ended in <em class="recon">-ija-</em> have a <em class="ling">-i-</em> before ∅ or consonant endings.


| case | masc.sg.                       | masc.pl.                      |
| ---- | ------------------------------ | ----------------------------- |
| nom  | <em class="ling">hirð-i-r</em> | <em class="ling">hirð-ar</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">hirð-i-s</em> | <em class="ling">hirð-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">hirð-i</em>   | <em class="ling">hirð-um</em> |
| acc  | <em class="ling">hirð-i-∅</em> | <em class="ling">hirð-a</em>  |

A very small class of stems originally ending in <em class="recon">-ja-</em> exhibit [[OIcel j-insertion]]

| case | masc.sg                     | masc.pl                        |
| ---- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| nom  | <em class="ling">nið-r</em> | <em class="ling">nið-j-ar</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">nið-s</em> | <em class="ling">nið-j-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">nið-∅</em> | <em class="ling">nið-j-um</em> |
| acc  | <em class="ling">nið-∅</em> | <em class="ling">nið-j-a</em>  |

Another small class of stems originally <em class="recon">-wa-</em> undergo [[OIcel v-insertion]].

| case | masc.sg.                       | masc.pl.                        |
| ---- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------- |
| nom  | <em class="ling">sǫng-r</em>   | <em class="ling">sǫng-v-ar</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">sǫng-s</em>   | <em class="ling">sǫng-v-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">sǫng-v-i</em> | <em class="ling">sǫng-um</em>   |
| acc  | <em class="ling">sǫng-∅</em>   | <em class="ling">sǫng-v-a</em>  |

Some nouns take <em class="ling">-ar</em> in gen.sg.

### Neuter

Stems originally ending in <em class="recon">-ija-</em>[^unless] developed the following declension, completely analogous to the masculine case.

| case | neut.sg.                       | neut.pl.                       |
| ---- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ |
| nom  | <em class="ling">kvæð-i-∅</em> | <em class="ling">kvæð-i-∅</em> |
| gen  | <em class="ling">kvæð-i-s</em> | <em class="ling">kvæð-a</em>   |
| dat  | <em class="ling">kvæð-i</em>   | <em class="ling">kvæð-um</em>  |
| acc  | <em class="ling">kvæð-i-∅</em> | <em class="ling">kvæð-i-∅</em> |

[^unless]: Unless preceded by a velar consonant, in which they declined according to the <em class="recon">-ja-</em> paradigm.

A group of stems, most originally ending in <em class="recon">-ja-</em>, undergo [[OIcel j-insertion]].

| case | neut.sg.                    | neut.pl.                       |
| ---- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
| nom  | <em class="ling">egg-∅</em> | <em class="ling">egg-∅</em>    |
| gen  | <em class="ling">egg-s</em> | <em class="ling">egg-j-a</em>  |
| dat  | <em class="ling">egg-i</em> | <em class="ling">egg-j-um</em> |
| acc  | <em class="ling">egg-∅</em> | <em class="ling">egg-∅</em>    |

Stems originally ending in <em class="recon">-wa-</em> undergo [[OIcel v-insertion]].

| case | neut.sg.                       | neut.pl.                       |
| ---- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ |
| nom  | <em class="ling">hǫgg-∅</em>   | <em class="ling">hǫgg-∅</em>   |
| gen  | <em class="ling">hǫgg-s</em>   | <em class="ling">hǫgg-v-a</em> |
| dat  | <em class="ling">hǫgg-v-i</em> | <em class="ling">hǫgg-um</em>  |
| acc  | <em class="ling">hǫgg-∅</em>   | <em class="ling">hǫgg-∅</em>   |

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